The universe is governed by four fundamental forces that dictate the interactions between particles and shape the world we know. These forces include the electromagnetic force, gravity, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. These fundamental forces act on everything from the tiniest atoms to the largest galaxies in the universe.
A recent study from the Argonne National Laboratory and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has brought researchers closer to understanding the strong nuclear force, one of the most enigmatic of the fundamental forces.
Their work builds on foundational theories of atomic structures that originated with Argonne physicist and Nobel Prize winner Maria Goeppert Mayer in the early 1960s. She helped develop a mathematical model for the structure of nuclei. Her model explained ?why certain numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom cause it to be extremely stable — a phenomenon that had baffled scientists for some time.
When excited to higher energy states, a Ni-64 nucleus can change its shape from spherical to oblate or prolate, as illustrated in this figure. Credit: Michigan State University/Erin O’Donnell
The research team previously conducted similar experiments to study the strong nuclear force by examining how the structure of a nucleus can change when it is produced in an excited state through a nuclear reaction. These and other experiments done elsewhere led them to investigate nickel-64, which has 64 neutrons and protons. This nucleus is the heaviest stable nickel nucleus, with 28 protons and 36 neutrons. This nickel isotope has properties that allow its structure to change when it is excited to higher energy states.
For their experiment, the team used the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System, a DOE Office of Science user facility, to accelerate a sample of Ni-64 nuclei toward a target of lead. The lead atoms were able to excite the Ni-64 nuclei through the electromagnetic forces resulting from the repulsion between the protons in lead and the protons in nickel.
The process looks similar to putting a bag of popcorn in the microwave. As the kernels warm up, they begin to pop into all different shapes and sizes. The popcorn that comes out of the microwave is different than what went in and crucially, the kernels changed their shape due to the energy exerted upon them.
After the Ni-64 nuclei were excited, an instrument called GRETINA detected the gamma rays released when the nuclei decayed back to their ground state. Another detector named CHICO2 determined the direction of the particles involved in the interaction. The data obtained by the detectors allowed the team to determine what shape — or shapes — the Ni-64 took as it was excited.
From the analysis of the data, it was concluded that the Ni-64 nuclei excited by interactions with lead also changed their shape. But instead of popping into familiar fluffy shapes, the nickel’s spherical atomic nucleus changed into one of two shapes depending on the amount of energy exerted on it: oblate, like a doorknob, or prolate, like a football. This finding is unusual for heavy nuclei like Ni-64, which consist of many protons and neutrons.
“A model is a picture of reality and it’s only a valid model if it can explain what was known before, and it has some predictive power,” said Robert Janssens, a professor at UNC-Chapel Hill and co-author of the paper. ?“We are studying the nature and behavior of nuclei to continuously improve our current models of the strong nuclear force.”
Ultimately, the researchers hope their findings in Ni-64 and surrounding nuclei can lay the foundations for future practical discoveries in the nuclear science field, such as nuclear energy, astrophysics, and medicine. ?“More than 50% of the medical procedures in hospitals today involve nuclear isotopes,” Janssens said. ?“And most of these isotopes have been discovered while doing fundamental research like we are doing.”
Reference: “Multistep Coulomb excitation of 64Ni: Shape coexistence and nature of low-spin excitations” by D. Little, A. D. Ayangeakaa, R. V. F. Janssens, S. Zhu, Y. Tsunoda, T. Otsuka, B. A. Brown, M. P. Carpenter, A. Gade, D. Rhodes, C. R. Hoffman, F. G. Kondev, T. Lauritsen, D. Seweryniak, J. Wu, J. Henderson, C. Y. Wu, P. Chowdhury, P. C. Bender, A. M. Forney and W. B. Walters, 14 October 2022, Physical Review C.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.106.044313
The study was funded by the DOE Office of Nuclear Physics and the National Science Foundation.
